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WAS HINDUISM INVENTED FREE PDF BOOK 2021 EDITION

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WAS HINDUISM INVENTED FREE PDF BOOK 2021 EDITION

WAS HINDUISM INVENTED FREE PDF BOOK

Drawing on a large body of previously untapped literature, including documents from the Church Missionary Society and Bengali newspapers, Brian Pennington offers a fascinating portrait of the process by which “Hinduism” came into being. He argues against the common idea that the modern construction of religion in colonial India was simply a fabrication of Western Orientalists and missionaries. Rather, he says, it involved the active agency and engagement of Indian authors as well, who interacted, argued, and responded to British authors over key religious issues such as image-worship, sati, tolerance, and conversion.

HINDUISM :-

Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life. It is the world’s third-largest religion, with over 1.2 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. The word Hindu is an exonym, and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, many practitioners refer to their religion as Sanātana Dharma (Sanskrit: सनातन धर्म, lit. ”the Eternal Dharma”), which refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history, as revealed in the Hindu texts. Another, though less fitting, self-designation is Vaidika dharma, the ‘dharma related to the Vedas.

Hinduism is a diverse system of thought marked by a range of philosophies and shared concepts, rituals, cosmological systems, pilgrimage sites, and shared textual sources that discuss theology, metaphysics, mythology, Vedic yajna, yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life; namely, dharma (ethics/duties), artha (prosperity/work), kama (desires/passions) and moksha (liberation/freedom from the passions and the cycle of death and rebirth), as well as karma (action, intent and consequences) and saṃsāra (cycle of death and rebirth). Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (Ahiṃsā), patience, forbearance, self-restraint, virtue, and compassion, among others. Hindu practices include rituals such as puja (worship) and recitations, japa, meditation (dhyāna), family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Along with the practice of various yogas, some Hindus leave their social world and material possessions and engage in lifelong Sannyasa (monasticism) in order to achieve moksha.

Hindu texts are classified into Śruti (“heard”) and Smṛti (“remembered”), the major scriptures of which are the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Purānas, the Mahābhārata, the Rāmāyana, and the Āgamas. There are six āstika schools of Hindu philosophy, who recognise the authority of the Vedas, namely Sānkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Mimāmsā and Vedānta. While the Puranic chronology presents a genealogy of thousands of years, starting with the Vedic rishis, scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion^{[note 6]} or synthesis of Brahmanical orthopraxy with various Indian cultures, having diverse roots and no specific founder. This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between c. 500–200 BCE and c. 300 CE, in the period of the Second Urbanisation and the early classical period of Hinduism, when the Epics and the first Purānas were composed. It flourished in the medieval period, with the decline of Buddhism in India.

Currently, the four largest denominations of Hinduism are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. Sources of authority and eternal truths in the Hindu texts play an important role, but there is also a strong Hindu tradition of questioning authority in order to deepen the understanding of these truths and to further develop the tradition. Hinduism is the most widely professed faith in India, Nepal and Mauritius. Significant numbers of Hindu communities are found in Southeast Asia including in Bali, Indonesia, the Caribbean, North America, Europe, Oceania, Africa, and other regions.

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WORLD WAR II MAP BY MAP 2021 EDITION FREE BOOK PDF

WORLD WAR II MAP BY MAP 2021 EDITION FREE BOOK PDF
WORLD WAR II MAP BY MAP FREE BOOK DESCRIPTION :-
The deadliest war in history brought to life through bold, easy-to-grasp maps
In this stunning visual history ebook, purpose-made maps reveal the full story of the Second World War. From the rise of the Axis powers to the aftermath of the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima, this ebook shows how each step of the action took place. Each map is full of detail, charting the progress of the key events of World War II on land, sea, and air, including the Dunkirk evacuation, the attack on Pearl Harbor, the D-Day landings, the siege of Stalingrad, and the war in the Pacific.
As well as purpose-made maps, historical maps from both Allied and Axis countries give compelling insights into the course of the war. There are also timelines summarizing each stage of the conflict as it unfolded, while fascinating, large-scale photographs offer a closer look at life both on and off the battlefield, introducing topics such as blitzkrieg tactics, civilian life in wartime, code-breaking, and more.
Written by a team of historians headed by Richard Overy as consultant, World War II Map by Map shows how the deadliest conflict in history changed the face of our world. It is perfect for general readers, students, and military history enthusiasts everywhere. Includes a foreword by Peter Snow, broadcaster and historian.
Trace the epic history of World War 2 across the globe with more than 100 detailed maps.
In this stunning visual history book, custom maps tell the story of the Second World War from the rise of the Axis powers to the dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Each map is rich with detail and graphics, helping you to chart the progress of key events of World War II on land, sea, and air, such as the Dunkirk evacuation, the attack on Pearl Harbor, the D-Day landings, and the siege of Stalingrad.
Historical maps from both Allied and Axis countries also offer unique insights into the events. There are timelines to help you follow the story as it unfolds, while narrative overviews explain the social, economic, political, and technical developments at the time. Fascinating, large-scale pictures introduce topics such as the Holocaust, blitzkrieg, kamikaze warfare, and code-breaking.
Written by a team of historians in consultation with Richard Overy, World War II Map by Map examines how the deadliest conflict in history changed the face of our world. It is perfect for students, general readers, and military history enthusiasts.
Follow the key developments of World War II in unprecedented visual detail, with more than 100 specially created and historical maps covering all major theatres of war. Layers of information show how the conflict raged around the globe on land, air, and sea, while timelines provide an in-depth chronology of events. Stunning archival photographs, contemporary artefacts, and profiles of famous leaders reveal the full story of the war that shaped the modern world.
Written by a team of historians headed by Richard Overy as consultant, World War II Map by Map examines how the most destructive conflict in history changed the face of our world. It is perfect for students, general readers, and military history enthusiasts. Includes a foreword by broadcaster and historian Peter Snow.
Follow the key developments of World War II in unprecedented visual detail, with more than 100 specially created and historical maps covering all major theatres of war. Layers of information show how the conflict raged around the globe on land, air, and sea, while timelines provide an in-depth chronology of events. Stunning archival photographs, contemporary artefacts, and profiles of famous leaders reveal the full story of the war that shaped the modern world.
Written by a team of historians headed by Richard Overy as consultant, World War II Map by Map examines how the most destructive conflict in history changed the face of our world. It is perfect for students, general readers, and military history enthusiasts. Includes a foreword by broadcaster and historian Peter Snow.